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Summary Of The Night - 1309 Words

When Jenny came to announce that it was time for us to join everyone at the barbeque, Louis stood when I did and then came to my side. He crooked his elbow to escort me. I was still nervous and hoped he could not feel the jitters start up as soon as I took his arm. After a moment, I decided to pretend that I was holding onto my father’s arm. I hoped I would not be as nervous; however, there was no comparison. I definitely knew it was not Mon Pà ¨re’s arm, I held. When we walked out into the area where all the guests had gathered. I felt myself swell with pride when I saw the stink eyes the other debutantes gave me as we walked toward my father and his guests. I knew two of the girls, I had stood in the receiving line at several balls with them, but the other girl, I did not recognize; she was gorgeous. I hoped she was one that Louis had not been interested in; she could give me a run for my money with her golden hair and frail beauty. I might have to change my tactics if she does catch his eye, I thought to myself as I gave her a quick once over. I was not a simpering Southern belle- Louis had already seen that I was†¦ What had he called me, â€Å"a spitfire,† yes, that was it. He knew my true nature was not the coy, flirtatious creature he had first seen at the Le Bal des Berceaux, which was the dà ©butante ball I debuted. I felt like kicking myself for exposing myself to him as I had. I wished I was as cool and collected as Angelique was; she was always perfectly mannered. She couldShow MoreRelatedSummary : The Night 1109 Words   |  5 Pagesthose dark, serious eyes. They scanned me from head to toe; and then he backed up and barked Okay marines, it is time for the drill. Follow me in single order! He led us to an obstacle course he and the other higher ranking officers had set up the night before. It consisted of the standard tire jumping, some pull-up bars, as well as ropes, and more. Doing all these drills in the sand was difficult and he had been ramping up the difficulty of each drill slightly the past few weeks; putting us to theRead MoreSummary : The Night 876 Words   |  4 Pagesbreakfast. They were going to see if their friends Ryan and Justin just next door wanted to go with them to the park that was just down the street from their house. They walked through the front yard, the grass was all dewy and wet from the rain the night before. The girls walked up the steep brick steps to Ryan s front door, ding, dong went the loud door bell. They waited on the red brick porch until Ryan answered the door, when answers the door he was still in his blue pajamas. Hey RyanRead MoreSummary Of The Night 1371 Words   |  6 PagesThe day was really dreary the day Lorraine’s parents died. When she got the call from her older brother, she was told that their parents died in a fire at a bakery. After they were done with the funeral, Lorraine went home with Grandma Anna. Lorraine packed her stuff and went to live in Grandma Anna’s hotel. Kai, Lorraine’s older brother texted Lorraine that he was going to marry his fiance next month. When Lorraine goes to meet Kai and his fiancee, her neighbors gives her some food and some necessaryRead MoreSummary : The Night 1443 Words   |  6 PagesJournal 18 Opening his eyes, the man discovered that his fellow companion had already woken up and was patiently was patiently waiting for its master to rise from his deep slumber. Every single day was the same for him, whether it be in the morning, afternoon, or evening; however, he did not mind that his life was comprised of repetitions involving the most monotonous tasks. One of his tasks involved ringing a bell, of which he neither had no clue as to why he was doing it nor when he started doingRead MoreSummary Of The Night Essay1439 Words   |  6 Pagestimes in the past two months and tonight will be number four. He likes his victims to be young, helpless females who he can easily lure into his home and strangle them. In that moment, I decide that no matter what, I will kill this guy before the night is though. Although I try to catch his attention by winking at him and smiling cutely, I cannot seem to get him to even look at me. I mean why wouldn’t he look at me, I am the most cute and helpless looking girl in this bar with my long ash blondeRead MoreSummary : The Night 1499 Words   |  6 PagesMorgana takes her foot off the gas pedal and presses down on the brake stopping the car outside 2106 Mayday road. As I was thanking whatever deity let me survive such a traumatic experience the seat belt unbuckles itself. The passenger door swings open, and I jump out of the car planning to say hello the ground by kissing it then realize the sidewalk isn t very clean so I don t. Morgana and I walk up to a house that looks like all the others on this street who could possibly know that one of theRead MoreSummary : The Night 825 Words   |  4 PagesPROLOGUE Everyday goes by in high school all the same, monday to friday from 7:45-2:25. The jocs are in the gym, the cheerleaders are well cheering for them, the stoners are outside by the side of the gym doing a deal, the geeks are in the library reading and trading comic books, the nerds are in the science room talking about how much they hate the populars and how they are going take over the world one day, the couples are in the bathroom stalls, and then there is me, Teagan Powers and of courseRead MoreSummary Of The Night 850 Words   |  4 PagesHe drifted in and out of sleep throughout the night. His mind plagued with what-ifs. There had to be a way to compromise, as he had with the druids. However, there was so much fear instilled prejudice against magic users that even the peaceful nomads still faced persecution within various parts of his kingdom. He recalled the old woman whom he and Merlin had saved from the pyre in her village. The one who had given him the Horn of Cathbhadh. He knew nothing about her or what she had been accusedRead MoreSummary Of The Night 1693 Words   |  7 Pageskiss and an absolutely-positively fake smile. It honestly pissed Dipper off they were trying to keep him in the dark. He knew that they were in financial trouble, but he wasn t sure why. And his parents never seemed to discuss why during their late-night arguments. They just yelled, swore, and slammed a lot of stuff. Ben, what are we going to do?! His mom angrily asked his dad. There s no way we can go on like this. We re going to have to start making some sacrifices. And that includes you, tooRead MoreSummary Of The Night 1357 Words   |  6 Pages Chapter One: He was sleeping, anyway with a gun inside his boots next to the bed. Silence, it was everything. In the middle of the night, he heard a breath. It was not his breath. He realized that wasn’t alone, so he tried to stretch his arm to get the boots, but they weren’t there. In that moment he sat on the bed prepared to fight. Lights on. It was someone pointing to his head with a gun, he didn’t know who it was because that person had a mask. - Are you Luck? – The man asked, but the boy didn’t

My Son My Motivation Essay Example For Students

My Son: My Motivation Essay My 2 year old son is my motivation to become an RN in the medical field. He is the one that always puts a smile in my face with his silly sayings. There is always something new he does or he says, like for example as I write about him, he is playing with his cars and making his dinosaurs noises and crawls back and forth, yes he is a distraction but what he wants is for to play with him and pay attention to him. At the age of 16, I became his mother and at some points I founded difficult to attend school while being pregnant, my parents always push me to become strong and educated to be where I am know, attending TSTC. I have seen my parents struggle and I have decided to pursue my education in the medical field to provide a better future for my son and me. He is the one person who is pushing me to follow my dreams a gift that has been very rewarding to me by choosing him as my son. I know it’s not easy to leave him behind as I come to school but like all of us, we have to sacrifice some things. I leave him behind wondering what his day will be like if he has ate, if he has played or if he is watching TV. I miss every little face reactions he makes. As soon as I get back from school and step into the living room his face is priceless. He runs to me with the biggest hug and kisses and says mama! I love him and he means the world to me, because of him I will become everything I can be, so I can provide him with a better future for both of us. In addition to my education, I know what I want in life, I want to be able to help others and growing up I have always found an interest in the medical field. I know that I am capable of achieving this goal I have set for myself. Life has been good to me and I know I am very young to have a son but he is my world and I wouldn’t change this for anything. I know I will struggle and at times I will find myself lost but I have my son to think about and giving up isn’t in my priorities. I want to be his role model and for him to look up to me, I want him to see that following your dreams and staying in school, will get you far in life. I want for him to be the best he can be, and that no matter the obstacles in life everything is possible with hard work and having a positive attitude. That’s is why coming to school and learning with the tools the teachers give me, I will prepare myself for upcoming midterms and pass them to proof to myself that no matter how young or old a person is, it’s never too late to continue your education and follow your dream.

World War I Analysis Essay Example For Students

World War I Analysis Essay During World War One, the role of airplanes and how theywere used changed greatly. At first planes were only usedfor sport, but people started realize that not only couldairplanes be useful but they could even influence an outcomeof the war greatly. Soon the war was filled with blimps,planes, and tethered balloons. By the end of the war, planesbecame a symbol of fear, but they were not always treatedwith such respect. In the time leading up to the war, thegeneral feeling about planes was, they were a sneaky, unfairtactic that should not be used in warfare. During The 1899Hague Peace Conference it was put on record that thedropping or shooting of any projectiles or explosives fromthe air during a time of war was forbidden and wasconsidered a crime of war. It was also decided that airplanescould only be used for reconnaissance or spying missions. We will write a custom essay on World War I Analysis specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now (Villard-227) The airplane may be all very well for sport,but for the army it is useless (Quoted in Villard-227) Evenby the beginning of the war in 1912, the use of planes in warwas still prohibited by the War Office. Shortly thereafter thischanged, people awakened to the possibilities of air warfare. The world soon started to realize the effectiveness of planesin war and how the control of the skies could influence theoutcome. Although the French were the first to have aworking, conscripting air force and to license fliers, their trustin airplanes still was not up to par. Their lack of trust wasjustified, for the planes had no armaments, too many wires,and no reliable motor. (Villard-228) Soon all countries in thewar effort had their own little air force, built hangers, andstarted to train pilots. The first bombing occurred inNovember 1911. Although the first bomb was dropped bythe Italians, soon all countries were involved in bombingraids. (Villard-229) It was followed by the first aerialdogfight in 1912. This consisted of a primitive exchange ofpistol fire between British and German planes . (Harvey-95)The first flying experience for the United States occurred in1862, during the Civil War. General McClellan went intobattle against the South with a balloon corps floated byhydrog en and pulled by four horses. (Saga-51) Literaryfiction started to breed ideas about the use of planes inwarfare. The most famous writer to explore the idea wasH.G. Wells. He wrote The War In The Air, a book aboutthe future in which battle is conducted with planes. (Wohl-70). In Germany, literary fiction preceded the actualdevelopment of warfare in the air. Rudolph Martin was awriter who predicted that the Germans future was not onthe sea, but in the air. He also believed that furtherdevelopment in aviation would kill the importance of distanceand help to lead toward the German unification of the world. (Wohl-81) Martins novel helped to prepare the Germansfor their use of planes in the war. The fiction soon becamescientific fact. (Wohl-71) The United States, ultimately wasslower than France and Germany to develop an air force. On March 3, 1911, Congress appropriated $125,000 tostart an air force, which consisted of five planes. The firstsquadron was organized by the Americans on March 5,1913, in Texas City. It consisted of nine planes. Althoughthe United States entered the war in 1917, it did not useplanes in the war at that time. (Villard-231) U.S. pilots hadlittle or no experience in cross-country navigation. Theydid not have good maps and sometimes they became lost,ran out of fuel and would have to land behind enemy lines. .u64002c1323aba8fba101cafb691b33be , .u64002c1323aba8fba101cafb691b33be .postImageUrl , .u64002c1323aba8fba101cafb691b33be .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u64002c1323aba8fba101cafb691b33be , .u64002c1323aba8fba101cafb691b33be:hover , .u64002c1323aba8fba101cafb691b33be:visited , .u64002c1323aba8fba101cafb691b33be:active { border:0!important; } .u64002c1323aba8fba101cafb691b33be .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u64002c1323aba8fba101cafb691b33be { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u64002c1323aba8fba101cafb691b33be:active , .u64002c1323aba8fba101cafb691b33be:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u64002c1323aba8fba101cafb691b33be .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u64002c1323aba8fba101cafb691b33be .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u64002c1323aba8fba101cafb691b33be .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u64002c1323aba8fba101cafb691b33be .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u64002c1323aba8fba101cafb691b33be:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u64002c1323aba8fba101cafb691b33be .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u64002c1323aba8fba101cafb691b33be .u64002c1323aba8fba101cafb691b33be-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u64002c1323aba8fba101cafb691b33be:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Healthier being a meat-eater or a vegetarian Essay(Villard-233) As the Americans advanced in the use ofplanes in warfare, so did the Germans. Initially, the Germansmade no effort to hide their skepticism about the use ofplanes in warfare. In the beginning of the war, manyGermans raised in newspaper articles and on governmentcommittees the possibilities of warfare in the air, but thecountry as a whole was not quick to initiate the effort. (Wohl-70) This quickly changed, however, because thedevelopment of airplanes during the war was mostly creditedto the Germans. The Germans came out with advances inplanes that outdid anything that France had to offer. Eventhough France had the largest air force in the world, theysoon became second-best. No matter how hard the othercountries tried, the Germans were always one step ahead inairplane advances. These advances were so great that eventhough the Germans were outnumbered eight to one, theystill came out on top. For instance, the mounting of amachine gun behind the propellers seemed like suicide, butthe Germans came up with the idea of a timed switch thatwould allow the gun to fire in-between rotations. This madeit easier to aim and fly at the same time. Roland Garros, anallied flier, who mounted a gun in the cockpit and putprotective plates on his propellers was trying to match theGerman timed device, but it was a faulty, unsafe rip-off . (Harvey-95) Another advancement used by the Germanswas the introduction of luminous paint so that pilot would notfly into each other or shoot each other during night raids. (Duke-130) The allied countries tried many times toduplicate this and many other German inventions, but failedeach time. The Germans started putting up hangers anddomes around its boarders. They introduced more andmore types of planes. As the war went on, Germanyintroduced the BI-planes and Tri-planes which made the useof one winged planes obsolete. The more wings, the moremobility, stability, and speed the plane had. The mobilitymade it easier to evade gun fire or to maneuver better indogfights. The stability made these new planes handle betterin turbulence, and in reconnaissance missions the speed wasmost important for escaping the enemy. These new Germanplanes dominated the skies and made lumber of the alliesflaming coffins (old mono-planes) The BI-plane wasconsidered to be the best all-around plane. It was thefavorite of the German Flying Ace, Manfred von Richthofen,better known as the Red Baron The Red Baron was thebest pilot in the war, and was credited with shooting down80 all ied planes. He was equally respected by both sides,and when he was shot down, his enemies held a service forhim to show how much respect they had. This show ofchivalry was not uncommon, for in the beginning of the war,it was tradition to throw down a wreath if an enemy planewas shot down, to show respect and honor. However whenbombing was introduced, the feeling about planes turnedfrom noble flying knights into fear, death from above. Theevolution of aircraft during World War One was profoundand unmatched by any other advancements in any other fieldat the time. From Reconnaissance to bombing, the use ofairplanes in the war became a necessity and by the end ofthe war airplanes and pilots had earned the respect theydeserved. Todays warfare relies heavily on the use ofaircraft, not only for destruction and transportation of troopsand supplies, but also for its initial use of reconnaissance. History

The Origin and Meaning of the Surname, Long

The Origin and Meaning of the Surname, Long Long is the  86th most popular surname  in the United States with origins in  English,  Irish, and Chinese. The most common alternate surname spellings include Longe, Lang, Delong, and Laing. Learn about the famous Longs, genealogy resources and the three main plausible origins for the common last name below. Possible Surname Origins Long was most commonly a  nickname that was often given to a man who was especially tall and lanky, from the  Old English lang  and  Old French long, meaning  long or tall.The Long surname may also be a  reduced Anglicized form of Gaelic name Ó Longin, meaning descendant of Longn, a personal name probably derived from long, meaning tall.If the family is Chinese, the name may indicate descent from  an official treasurer called Long, who lived during the reign of the model emperor Shun (2257–2205 BC). Notable Longs Nia Long:  American actress who is  best known as her characters on The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air and Third Watch on TV. She was also in the popular movies Friday and Too Deep.Howie Long:  Former American NFL defensive end. Howie currently works at Fox Sports as a studio analyst.Shelley Long:  Actress popular on the comedy television shows Cheers and Frasier. She has five Emmy nominations and two Golden Globe Awards.Shorty Long: American soul singer, record producer, and musician who was inducted into the Alabama Jazz Hall of Fame. Genealogy Resources 100 Most Common U.S. Surnames Their Meanings: Smith, Johnson, Williams, Jones, Brown... Are you one of the millions of Americans sporting one of these top 100 common last names from the 2000 census?Long Family Genealogy Forum: Search this popular genealogy forum for the Long surname to find others who might be researching your ancestors, or post your own Long query.FamilySearch - Long  Genealogy: Find records, queries, and lineage-linked family trees posted for the Long surname and its variations.Long  Surname Family Mailing Lists: RootsWeb hosts several free mailing lists for researchers of the Long surname.Cousin Connect - Long  Genealogy Queries: Read or post genealogy queries for the surname Long, and sign up for free notification when new Long queries are added.DistantCousin.com - Long  Genealogy Family History: Free databases and genealogy links for the last name Long. Resources and Further Reading Cottle, Basil. Penguin Dictionary of Surnames. Baltimore, MD: Penguin Books, 1967.Menk, Lars. A Dictionary of German-Jewish Surnames. Avotaynu, 2005.Beider, Alexander. A Dictionary of Jewish Surnames from Galicia. Avotaynu, 2004.Hanks, Patrick, and Flavia Hodges. A Dictionary of Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1989.Hanks, Patrick. Dictionary of American Family Names. Oxford University Press, 2003.Smith, Elsdon C. American Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 1997.

Guide on Writing a Research Paper Outline

Guide on Writing a Research Paper Outline Guide on Writing a Research Paper Outline A research paper is one of the most difficult assignments both at high school and college, so you need to be ready to face various challenges along the way. This type of a paper requires your full attention and time devotion, as you need to use various scientific tools, mathematical methods, statistics and other instruments to back your ideas and put your thoughts on the paper. That is why creating an outline is a crucial part of any research paper and requires a thoughtful approach. It is a sort of a skeleton of your paper, as it will greatly help you to remember all the things you wanted to include to your work. In addition, you will be more relaxed after dividing your work into smaller parts and will be able to concentrate on different questions every day. An outline will always be helpful in meeting the deadlines, as you will have a clear picture of how many sections you still need to complete by a certain date and won’t have to worry about missing anything! Useful tips on a proper outline structure It doesn’t matter whether you need to complete an outline on a Medieval history or on a space invasion: your outline structure will remain the same. This means that you won’t have to puzzle over a proper structure depending on the subject and after remembering all the details, you will always be able to complete an outline without any difficulties. Any outline consists of three main parts: Introduction; Body of the paper; Conclusions. However, you shouldn’t think that it is as easy, as A-B-C, because every of these parts contains a huge volume of information and it should be arranged in a proper way. Your introduction section can be called a business card of your whole work, so you need to be very thoughtful and attentive, when completing it.   After reading your introduction, the reader will make up his mind whether to go on reading. That is why your main aim is to catch interest of the audience and provide it with such details, as the thesis statement, main information, specific terms and additional details on the subject. The body of your whole work is the biggest section of the whole paper, which requires a lot of time and attention to the details. Don’t forget to include various paragraphs to emphasize different topics. This section should also include methodology, which explains the research you have conducted, the methods you have used and the questions you have answered. Remember to write down the main goals of your research (which should also be included to your introduction section). Every research paper is based on a serious analysis of different sources and materials, so you should remember to add a list of used sources. Don’t forget to quote the literature to support your research and try to show that you have mastered various tools of looking for a necessary information. However, include only relevant and academic sources, avoiding forums and social media pages. After you have written the methodology and literature sections, you need to remember to add data and analysis information. Here you need to describe the results of your research and any other details, which you have obtained throughout the assignment. The best way to complete this section is to use graphs and tables for a clearer understanding of the topic. Close this part with the main advantages and disadvantages of the research. When the body section is completed, it is time to write down the conclusions. Here you don’t need to provide new details and simply should summarize everything you have written about in your research paper. Include a thesis statement to your conclusions and try to make predictions for the future, providing fresh ideas on the topic. Useful advice One of the best parts of any research paper is the fact that most of the times you can choose a topic on your own. In such a way, you will always stay motivated and write on the things that really matter. For example, you can complete a research on an artificial intelligence, rain forests or modern trends and give a fresh look on any topic. Not depending on the topic you choose, your outline will look like a list of the main ideas you want to include to your research paper. It should be short and contain all the key words to let you remember the question and your main ideas on the topic. After finishing a certain paragraph, just cross it out and you will never be confused what to write about! Research paper outline examples Thesis: Is modern educational system ready to give students all the social skills for their adult lives? Introduction to the topic, thesis statement; Methodology; Overview of the literature you have used in your research; Importance of the topic and its influence on the society. The main body should contain: Information on the background of your issue History of the development of US educational system; Modern educational approaches in various states. Positive aspects of the topic: Remembering that education is affordable and accessible for each and every one; Mentioning that modern educational system is able to cope with the most difficult problems, becoming a second home for many students; Schools become bridges of communication and interaction for a healthy social life in future. Negative aspects of school’s impact on the personality: Main problems students have to face, including bullying, discrimination and so on; A high level of competition, which often leads to problems between students, low self-esteem or even suicides. Final thoughts should consist of your conclusions and final words on the topic. Conclusions should contain analysis of all the information and repetition of your thesis statement. Final words need to provide your recommendations for the future and the way your research can be applied on practice. Thesis:   Birth control: pros and cons. Your outline should consist of the following sections: Introduction to the topic; A list of medical or any other specific terms and their description for the readers to be able to understand your research; Theoretical background of your paper; Methodology and tools used throughout the paper; Thesis statement; Literature overview; Relevance of the topic, its importance for the society. The main body should contain: Information on the background of your issue: A historical background of birth control, main aspects and issues across the world; Position of various institutions on the subject, including government, church and others; Information on the tools and methods that are used to control birth in the US. Alternative methods; Advantages and disadvantages of birth control. Final section should consist of: Conclusions with a brief analysis of all the obtained information on the subject and rewritten thesis statement; Final thoughts on the problem. Here you need to make a prognosis for the future and describe how your research paper can influence the matter.

Marketing communications Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Marketing communications - Essay Example It initiates as mental imageries such as emotions, pictures, thoughts and ideas. Mental images in formed when one person desires to convey these images with another. The sender is described as a person who wants to communicate. Moreover, these images can be transferred by sender through translation and transpose of these images in to symbols. This process of transposing images that can be understood by receiver is known as encoding. The next level of communication and transmitting message to receiver is done through visual media, printed materials, telephone communication and face-to-face interaction (Fill, 2009, p.64). Additionally, the decoding process occurs; when message is being effectively received by another individual. The effective process of communication occurs, when message is decoded precisely as proposed and envisioned by sender. When feedback are received in the form of changed behaviour and actions, then sources will understand that communication have been sent succes sfully. This entire process of communication is known as basic communication model. In 1948, Hazel Gaudet, Bernard Berelson and Paul Lazarsfeld formulated two-step flow model of communication in the book the People Choice. This communication model is one of the theories of communication that suggests and recommends that mass media outlets have less influence on determining public opinion than that of interpersonal interactions. This model is also known as Multistep Flow Model. The Two Step Flow of Communication Model states that ideas and notions flow from mass media to judgment frontrunners to widespread population. It is believed that opinion formed by most people is primarily based on opinion leaders. These opinion leaders are those who interpret based on their personal views and judgments. Moreover, they are exposed to particular media content. These opinions are infiltrated by opinion leaders with the help of general public

Bereavement & Aging According to Reality Theory Research Paper

Bereavement & Aging According to Reality Theory - Research Paper Example The accessed memories trigger the individual’s vibes or feelings, which in turn motivate behavioral response to generate pleasant vibes and prevent the unpleasant one. This process is rapid and automatic, from the appearance of the stimulus to the production or behavioral response. Basic to reality theory is the interaction of preconsciously and consciously held beliefs. In terms of adjustment, the meaning of an event, derived from the experiential system, takes more precedence over the consciously held rational beliefs (Stroebe, Stroebe, and Hansson, 1999). For instance, in the conscious state of an individual, his rational system could induce emotional distress due to the death of a sibling, but his experiential system could evoke a feeling of triumph, along with regrets, in the death of a rival. In this scenario, an individual experiences confusion on his inappropriate feelings. Aging is an intricate multifactorial process which generally influence by the genes and the environment. The physiological and biological bases of aging measurements revealed the prevalent changes brought by the complex processes. These changes in the tissue, molecular and cellular organizations affect the entire organ system of an animal. Most of these changes involve molecular mechanisms that cause cellular damage which in turn can adversely affect the individual (Cavanaugh and Blanchard-Fields, 2006). Hence, aging is generally described as a sequence of time-dependent changes which increase the probability of death as the organism gains progress in age. On the other hand, death is a prominent characteristic of biological aging. Death can occur at any phase of human development, but is mostly ascribed to results and implications of the processes of aging. With aging, the function of liver, kidneys, and gut is reduced. Like all other organs, these also become atrophie because cells are not being replaced after their

Environmental Studies Essay Example for Free

Environmental Studies Essay The population of the world has been on an upward trend for the most part of the past many years. The rapid rise in the population in the past had been attributed to factors like improved medical care and good nutrition. However, the statistics appear to be changing as the 21st century wears on. There has been recorded a decrease in the overall global population growth rate such that although there is still a growth in the population, the rate is reducing. However, the rate is not evenly distributed. Instead, only the developed nations where industrialization and modernity are advanced are experiencing the population slowdown. The developing World still has rising rates of population growth (I. R. C. , 2005). The reduction in the growth rate can be attributed to climatic changes that have in turn caused people to resort to totally new ways of living. There has been a lot of destruction to the atmosphere and the resultant effect has been that some of the plants and animals that were useful for improving the immunity of the people when included in the diet are now extinct. Global warming has killed many such plant and animal species; and the other effects have been that there is an increase in strange, previously uncommon diseases caused by climatic changes which are making more people to die faster than before. Life expectancy has also reduced because of these changes (Johansen, 2009). In addition, the lifestyles of people have changed drastically, including having diets that are less healthy such as the consumption of genetically modified substances whose chemical contents are harmful to the body and shorten life. This trend is bound to go on for as long as industrial development is going to continue, worsening as the effects of global warming resulting from industrial pollution increase (Vormedal, 2005). New factors are bound to come into play, including increased child mortality and increased resistance to medication available even as new species of pathogens and parasites emerge with changing environmental conditions. It is also expected that more people will be less willing to have children as the pressure on available resources increases, thereby pushing the population growth rate down. With globalization opening up doors of nations, more technologies and immigrants are expected to get in, and not only will there be a real pressure on resources available pushing families to downsize but there will also be a massive movement away from the use of natural, more nutritious food items to those that are artificial and developed through technology (I. R. C. , 2005). As such are likely to be more harmful to the body, many people will find themselves less fertile while the fertile ones will be less willing to have more than a few children. The few children born will have a reduced life expectancy due to increased diseases; and child mortality will be very high. As the figure below shows, the population of Canada has been on a downward trend ever since the start of this century. It is expected that this will go on as the country becomes more industrialized and as global warming becomes more pronounced. By the year 2030, the country will most likely be faced with the problem of having a majority of its population being people over the age of 65 years because the young people are those who are likely to be affected negatively by the forces causing this trend (I. R. C. , 2005).

Use of Culture in Writing Essay -- essays research papers

The Culture â€Å",Culture†, is a concept which is related to the art, beliefs and traditions of a society. Even if it is thought as a concept used in social norms, it is the real value of a society by carrying the significant characteristic features of being â€Å",identity†,. It means that the culture forms the society’,s real identity. There are so many writers whose works are based upon the concept of the culture. Stephen Greenblatt is the one who has an essay about the culture and its affects on literature under the name of â€Å",Culture†,. Greenblatt stresses that the cultural norms include the constraints and mobility in his own building. He wants to say that the cultural norms include both the limited and changeable qualities in it. It causes the paradox and the paradox causes the creation of new things and improvisation. In his essay, Greenblatt says, â€Å",...a set of patterns which have enough elasticity...†,. With this sentence, Greenblatt implies the relationship between culture and literature. For him, the culture is tied to the literature strongly. Moreover, they can not be sepa...

Assessing the Level of Environmental Literacy of Teachers

Assessing the level of environmental literacy of teachers in Epe division of Lagos State, Nigeria Fatona P. Olugbenga School of Environmental Health Science Ogun State College Of Health Technology P. M. B 2081 Ilese – Ijebu Email: [email  protected] ca 08033835621, Akinyele C. Babasope School of Environmental Health Science Ogun State College Of Health Technology P. M. B 2081 Ilese – Ijebu Email: [email  protected] com 08037221905 & Musah K. Toyin School of Public Health Nursing Ogun State College Of Health Technology P. M. B 2081 Ilese – Ijebu Email: musahk. [email  protected] com 08033708027 Abstract The crucial role that teachers’ environmental literacy plays in realizing the goals of environmental education and its importance cannot be overemphasized. Therefore, this study sought to measure the environmental literacy of teachers who are saddled with responsibility of imparting environmental ideas and knowledge into the school-going population. The tudy employed a descriptive research design and administered questionnaires on four hundred (400) male and female teachers drawn from government controlled secondary schools that were randomly selected from the teachers’ corps in Epe division of Lagos Nigeria. However, three hundred and fifty-two (352) copies were retrieved and analyzed. A self-designed instrument that has a reliability coefficient of 0. 945 was used in gathering data which was analyzed by using analysis of variance (F-te sts and T-tests). Three (3) null hypotheses were formulated and tested in the study; two (2) were accepted while one (1) was rejected. The findings revealed a tendency regarding the impact of training of teachers on their environmental literacy among others. Consequently, the study suggested the need for pre-service as well as in-service environmental education training of teachers and that the existing curriculum at all levels of education should be reviewed to richly include environmental sustainability. Keywords:Environmental literacy, education, teachers Introduction The earth is primarily life supporting system. It consists essentially biochemical processes that imbue it with the capacity to sustain life. As an ecosystem, the earth however, has a threshold within which it can effectively absorb or withstand interruptions and radical changes in the biochemical processes that help to sustain life. Unfortunately, development-oriented activities of man over the last century or so have primarily restructured the environment and upset the delicate balance of nature. It has resulted in a number of changes on the planet, earth. These changes are essentially inimical to the continued existence of man and other life forms here on earth (United Nations, 1992). For example, the air we breathe is constantly being overloaded with carbon dioxide and other poisonous material from vehicular emission, exhausts of industrial and power plant etc. Land are stripped bare of vegetation or polluted with oil spills and human waste. The use of ozone- depleting substance such as products with chlorofluorocarbon, halons and methyl bromides (from which plastics and foams are made) allow excessive levels of harmful ultraviolet rays to reach the earth, resulting in increased rates of skin cancer, eye damage and weakened immune system. There is higher rate of exploitation and use of natural resources and higher levels of waste become a global issue (United Nations, 1992). According to the Council of Ministers of Education (2005) sustainable development is both a goal and a concept. As a goal, it is an idea of a world where people protect the environment as they carry out their daily activities. As a concept, it involves conceptual probing about limits on natural resources, capacities of ecosystem and interactions among social, economic, political and environmental systems. In other words, it works towards a sustainable quality of life, now and in the future. Thus, Noibi and Lawal (1993) sees it as a development strategy wherein the physical assets, natural and human resources as well as available funds are managed in a manner that ensures increasing health and wealth for both the present and future generations on planet earth. The essences of sustainable development is to meet the needs and aspirations of the present generation of man and other living creatures, both plants and animals, without compromising the capacity of future generations to meet their own needs and aspirations (NEST, 1991). The United Nations (1992), Uche (1995), UNESCO (1997) and Inyang-Abia (1998, 2001) all assert that education is humanity’s best hope and most effective means for the quest to achieve sustainable development at national or global levels. This may be due to the fact that sustainable development calls for the particular skills, knowledge, values and attitudes regarding the environment, the economy and the well-being of people. Perhaps, in response to the calls by UNESCO and United Nations, education for sustainability has become the norm in most countries of the world in recent years. In Nigeria, there have been some activities aimed at creating awareness and educating the masses on environmental issues. Initially the mass media, various Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) and government agencies were used to create awareness of the nature of the environment and the need for its sustainability, as Uche (1995) observed. The birth of Nigerian Conservation Foundation (NCF) in the 1980’s, the rising interest among policy makers on the need for a sound environmental base for development, launching of national conservation strategy (NCS) in 1986, the natural resources conservation council (NRCC) in 1988 and the ultimate launching of the national policy on the environment in 1989 were all critical steps in the national drive towards environmental awareness and resources conservation. In order to facilitate the education of the citizenry for sustainability, the Nigeria government has infused environmental sustainability topics into the 2003 version of the national curriculum for primary schools (NERDC, 2003). The topics infused include population, pollution, soil management, waste and waste disposal, drugs and drug abuse, etc. The idea is to start education for sustainability from the foundation. While arrangements are made to do the same in higher levels of education, teachers are encouraged to incorporate environmental sustainability issues in their instruction (NERDC, 2003). The potential of environmental literacy as a vehicle to realize the educational agenda of sustainable development cannot be over-emphasized. According to Disinger and Roth (1992) environmental literacy is a prerequisite to maintaining and improving the quality of the environment and life as such. The development and fostering of environmental literacy need, therefore, to be a key objective in any general education programme (Roth, 1992). Apparently, the term â€Å"environmental literacy† does not mean the same to everyone. Since the first general reference to the concept â€Å"environmental literacy† appeared in 1969 (Roth, 1992), various researchers have made an effort to define it or to refine description of it. Example can be found in, inter alia, Clacherty (1992), Roth (1992) and Subbarini (1998). A definition of environmental literacy was developed from the various efforts of researchers such as Leeming, Porter, Dwyer, Cobern and Oliver (1997), Loubser (1994), Smith-Sebasto and Smith (1997), Pohorille (1985) and Buethe and Smallwood (1987). This definition was used for the purposes of this research and it stated that: Environmental literacy is the ability to be aware of one’s environment. It enriches one with the knowledge to realize the imbalances and threats the environment faces and enables one to form positive attitudes towards it with the aim of developing skills to resolve and prevent environmental problems and urge to protect and improve the environment for the present and future generations by active participation. A study was also made of various models comprising concepts researchers regard as important to environmental education and environmental literacy. From these attempts by, inter alia, Munson (1994), Odum (1992), Roth (1992) and Loubser (1994), ten concepts that were regarded as necessary for teachers to have a grasp of, before being able to really do justice to environmental education were identified. The ten concepts are in line with the definitions, aims, objectives and guiding principles of environmental education and preceding definition of environmental literacy. Each of the ten concepts is a cluster of related sub concepts representing aspects of environmental literacy. These ten concepts were selected mainly from major environmental area such as ecology and interactions in the environment, participation in the identification and prevention of environmental problems, decision making on environmental issues and environmental ethics. The ten concepts are biosphere, ecological perspective, interrelationship in an ecosystem, environmental changes, basic human needs, resources, maintaining environmental quality, the ability to make choices, decision-making on environmental issues, as well as environmental ethics. In most of these concepts there is a close link between knowledge, affect, skills and behaviour. Environmental literacy, therefore, is considered to be continuum of competencies raging from zero competencies to a very high competency. There is a broad spectrum of environmental literacy, from complete unawareness to deep, thorough understanding and concern (Buethe and Smallwood, 1997). For the purposes of this research a few distinguishable, but not separable, disposition levels on this continuum were identified, namely awareness, knowledge, attitude and participation. Teachers- more than any other professional group- can probably promote environmental literacy, by virtue of their interaction with society (more specifically learners, parents and colleagues). Teachers at all levels and subject areas have a role to play in this regard, i. e. contribute to the development of citizens who possess the basic understanding and skills to make informed decisions in matters affecting the environment and whose personal lifestyles support sustainable development. Teachers can, however, hardly assist learners to become environmentally literate if they themselves lack environmental literacy. Despite the important role teachers’ play in educating students, research into teacher’s level of environmental literacy has been extremely limited. The few studies that were reported indicated a relatively low level of environmental literacy. An example is a study by Buethe and Smallwood (1997) which stated that the environmental literacy of Indiana teachers is far from optimal. In addition several researchers, for example, Schreuder (1995), Braus (1995) and Papadimitriou (1995), mentioned that most teachers are not trained to do justice to environmental education. It seems, therefore, imperative to be able to determine the state of affairs regarding the environmental literacy of the teacher corps. Hypotheses The following hypotheses were formulated and tested in this study: 1. There is no significant difference between the levels of environmental literacy of teachers if they are divided according to learning area in which they offer tuition. 2. There is no significant difference between the levels of environmental literacy of teachers if they are divided according to learning area in which they offer tuition. 3. There is no significant difference in the level of environmental literacy between teachers who receive training in environmental education and those who did not receive any training. Method Research design This is a descriptive survey research design of ex-post facto because the variables being studied had occurred and were not manipulated by the researchers. Instrumentation The questionnaire developed in this study consisted of two sections- section A which comprised items on background demographic information of respondents and section B which comprised 30 items dealing with the various aspects of environmental literacy assessed in this study. The items were developed according to a matrix with the ten central concepts representing environmental literacy on one axis and the disposition level of the respondent on the other axis. A 4-point scale ranging from ‘strongly agree’ to ‘strongly disagree’ was used as a response-measuring scale. Sample The study sample was drawn from the entire population of teachers in public secondary schools in Epe division of Lagos State. It consisted of 400 teachers randomly selected from 40 secondary schools randomly selected from the 4 local governments that make up the division. Questionnaires were however, adequately completed by 352 teachers. These respondents were representative of gender, age, learning area taught and qualifications obtained. Procedure Three research assistants were employed to assist in administering the printed questionnaires on the teachers in their respective schools. In some cases the filled questionnaire were returned on the spot while in other cases the research assistants went back on a different day to collect the completed questionnaires. Data analyses The data obtained from the questionnaire was analyzed by using analysis of variance (F tests and t tests). Results and discussion Hypothesis 1 ‘There is no significant difference between the levels of environmental literacy of teachers with different academic qualification’. Table 1:Level of environmental literacy of teachers with different qualifications |Qualification N Means SD | |NCE 103 416. 31 35. 71 | |B Ed 64 418. 88 37. 62 | |B A 24 417. 50 51. 4 | |B Sc 12 446. 00 41. 59 | |Other 149 422. 58 40. 48 | F (4. 347) = 1. 70; p>0. 05 The respondents were divided into five categories based on highest academic qualification as indicated in table 1. In order to compare the mean scores of the five groups an analysis of variance (F test) was carried out. The results of the F test, which appear in table 1, revealed that the null hypothesis could not be rejected (p>0. 5). It can, therefore, be concluded that there is no significant difference between the average environmental literacy of teachers with different academic qualification. It appears that this result contradicts research results reported by Buethe and Smallwood (1997), if one assumes that almost all secondary school science teachers in the USA have a BSc degree. According to them, science teach ers had higher levels of environmental literacy than other teachers. Hypothesis 2 ‘There is no significant difference between the levels of environmental literacy of teachers if they are divided according to learning area in which they offer tuition’. In order to test this null hypothesis, the respondents were divided into eight categories. According to an analysis of variance (F test), the null hypothesis cannot be rejected when the means of the total score obtained for the questionnaire are compared [F (7. 344) = 1. 81; p>0. 05]. This result is in line with a finding from a study by Abraham and Chacko (1999), according to which teacher training college lecturers have average environmental literacy, irrespective of the subjects they teach. An analysis of the mean scores (F test) obtained for the four dl fields in the eight categories revealed, however, an interesting picture. The results for the Knowledge dl field are indicated in Table 2. Table 2:Knowledge dl field scores of teachers in different learning areas |Learning area N Mean SD | |Language, literacy and communication 133 98. 62 11. 1 | |Human and social science 47 100. 49 9. 60 | |Maths, maths’ literacy and maths’ science 66 99. 36 8. 69 | |Natural science 76 103. 66 10. 89 | |Arts and culture 12 100. 2 4. 40 | |Economic and management science 9 103. 33 16. 12 | |Life orientation 7 90. 43 5. 06 | |Technology 2 100. 00 2. 83 | F (7. 344) = 2. 74; p

Compare and Contrast Rap and R&B Essay

Even though rap music is considered violent, there are some rap songs that delivers positive messages and then you have some R&B songs that are just as violent and raunchy as some Rap songs. Rap and R&B music are both enjoyable; however, both genres of music have a lot of differences. The word â€Å"Rap† came from a slang word meaning conversation. Rap music tends to attract a more tough and rowdy crowd. It is often categorized as violent music and has been known to be protested against. One of the reasons that some people think that Rap music is considered violent is because of the lyrics and the videos. Some of the lyrics in rap music talk about killing, robbing, shooting, stealing, sex and drugs. A group name N.W.A. (Ni**az with Attitude) made a song called â€Å"F**K Da Police† in the 80’s. The song caused a lot of uproar from not only the police but parents and fellow congressman as well. The Rap music videos often have a lot of half naked women dancing and gyrating in skimpy outfits. Sometimes you will see sexual references in these videos that can be considered â€Å"soft porn.† Luther â€Å"Uncle Luke† Campbell, was in fact taken to court because certain people thought that his videos and lyrics were too sexual and that he should be banned from putting out any more music. The end result of that was a Parental Advisory sticker being slapped on all cd’s that has either violent or sexual lyrics or cd covers. Rap music has also been claimed by most critics that rap causes sexist beliefs. I guess the reason being is because of the way the women are portrayed in these videos. Some of them are called â€Å"Video Ho’s†, â€Å"Groupies,† and now â€Å"Video Vixens.† The letters R&B stands for â€Å"Rhythm and Blues.† R&B music tends to attract a mellower, chill crowd and is put into a category called â€Å"baby making† music. R&B music has never been protested against and does not contain violent lyrics or videos. While rap music has a more a hard bass sound, R&B music has a more mid-tempo slow beat with a lot of wind instruments. Some R&B songs talk about being heartbroken and in love. Read Also:  Easy Compare and Contrast Essay Topics The reason most R&B songs are put into a category called â€Å"baby making† music  is because of the very slow sensual sexual beats that the songs have. There are certain songs that set a romantic mood for lovers or significant others. Certain groups or singers like The Isley Brothers and Barry White are known for having that very slow and sensual groove. In my opinion I do believe that R&B songs are more sexual than Rap. You have titles of R&B songs called: Sex Me, 12 play, T-shirt and Panties, and Let’s Ride, just to name a few. The lyrics in these songs may not be violent but they are definitely very sexual and raunchy. While R&B music has never been protested against, there have been some issues back in the late 50’s early 60’s with some of the dance moves and lyrics to songs. A song called the â€Å"HuckleBuck† dance moves were considered very racy. Recently there has been an issue with a song called â€Å"Sponsor† by R&B artist Teiarra Marie. Even though the lyrics are nowhere near sexual explicit as most R&B songs, her lyrics are stating that she has a man that buys her shoes, clothes, jewelry, and gives her money. Some see this as an issue because young women who look up to Teiarra Marie may think that it is okay to depend on a man to buy them things and to give them money; when they can just work and make their own money. I enjoy listening to both genres of music. The stuff they say about rap is not all true. I am not a violent person and I enjoy Rap just as much as I enjoy R&B music. I do prefer to listen to R&B over rap simply because I like the beats better. Even though the two attract different audiences, they both have one purpose and that is to entertain their fans and give them what they ask for.

Research-Based Ways to Live Through Finals

Research-Based Ways to Live Through Finals The finals are obviously stressful. Either youve got a lot to catch up with or simply prove your diligence once again – the pressure is enormous. Fortunately, one doesnt have to struggle alone. Not only your friends and family are always ready to come to the rescue. The whole world of science works to make your life if not awesome, then at least bearable. Dont believe it? Check out our top picks and use them to ace your exams one by one! Move Around Preparing for final exams you may get that â€Å"groundhog day† feeling. Sitting at the same library desk on a daily basis, doodling on its dusty surface, thinking that theres no end to all of that. Not only its a bit frustrating, but it also makes you less sharp at learning and remembering new things. The study has shown, that switching studying locations has a positive impact onto recognition memory. Having placed yourself into a different context, you force your brain to activate and build new, vivid associative connections. That results in better understanding and memorizing the material. So grab that cup of coffee and go to the park to study! Theres never been better excuse for that. Test Yourself Theres no need to whine: we know, youre going to have plenty of those soon. However, forewarned is forearmed. Plus, the research has proven memory tests improve long-term retention. Making yourself go through tests of various forms makes you engage your brain to the greatest extent and think of the material youve got to learn from different sides. Usually, the things you struggle to remember during the preparatory tests will leave deep imprints on your brain. In addition, youll reduce the levels of anxiety when the actual test-day comes. Squeeze Anxiety and finals go hand in hand. No matter, either its pre- or post-exam, it never is a pleasant experience. Theres a remedy, that might help you loosen up and perform better as a result. Thats a progressive muscle relaxation. The process is quite simple: youve got to tighten your muscles group by group, and then let go. Start with the toes and move to the shoulders. Youll feel significantly better, as your muscles will relieve pressure, theyve been holding in for a while. Plus, youre likely to distract from â€Å"I cant do this† thoughts and enter the exam hall with the boost of confidence you need. Take Deep Breaths Aromatherapy demonstrated a beneficial effect onto the students, dealing with pre-exam anxiety. The study concentrated on the impact of lavender and rosemary, however you may feel free to experiment. What sets the perfect mood for getting the grade you need? Is it a zingy orange? Or, possibly, a cool mint? Choose the smell that makes you feel both inspired and calm. Take deep breaths and go for those great results stress-free! C is for Cardio Different research projects keep demonstrating that aerobic exercise is awesome for your brain. Your memory improves, you get less worried. In addition, your cognitive abilities improve: the subjects of the research have completed a certain test before and after a 20-minute bike ride. They coped with the after-ride test a lot faster, maintaining the same level of precision. And you get a leaner body, just as a bonus. Seems pretty cool, doesnt it? Teachem Why do you think your professors are so good at the subjects they teach? Because they repeat pretty much the same stuff over and over again! According to the study, reciting is a highly efficient memorizing tool. Why dont you use it? Retell the material youve been cramming to your friends or family. If these guys dont want to listen to you – teach a bunch of stuffed animals, for instance. (The end justifies the means, right?) The humans are a bit better here, though: they may ask questions, youll have to answer! This helps you look at the topic from different angles, thus, carving it onto your brain. Build a Schedule When it comes to preparation to finals, time-management is essential. Not just when you need to fit a little nap into your tight revision schedule, but also in terms of letting your brain have some rest between studying sessions. This way information will soak in far more effectively. Pomodoro Technique may be of a great help. Youll divide your time into cycles of work and relaxing, lasting for 25 and 5 minutes respectively. The rhythm will keep your brain alert during the active intervals and will help you really cherish those 5 minutes of rest. The length of periods may differ: you could also try the 50/10 principle. Intermittent manner will help you memorize things better, for longer periods of time. Nighty-Night The study has once again demonstrated that sleep deprivation is extremely harmful for ones cognitive functions. You get distracted much easier, things you seem to have memorized forever just leave your head, that buzzes with serene, untouched emptiness. Thus, if you dont want this to happen – dont push your way through the all-nighter. Get the maximum amount of peaceful slumber the last night before the big test. Find out how to study for a test the night before so that it wont be harmful for your health! Sleep On It Your brain strengthens memories in your sleep. The research has shown, that learning new information before going to bed helps you remember it much better next morning. Dont just go over and over the stuff youve known already. Concentrate on new things. Make sure to leave at least an hour of a gap between studying and dozing off: bringing your textbooks and notes to bed may result in deteriorating your quiet sleep. Well, now you know what to do. Get that lavender oil, go for a jog and then study before sleeping! Just kidding. Use the tips you like and brace yourselves. And remember: its going to be just fine! image credit: wikimedia.org

A Beginner’s Guide to Alliteration

A Beginner’s Guide to Alliteration A Beginner’s Guide to Alliteration A little alliteration can liven up even the limpest literature. So if you’re not sure what this is, or why that first sentence is full of â€Å"L† words, you may want to check out our guide. We’ll also look at two related poetic techniques: consonance and assonance. What Is Alliteration? Alliteration occurs when we use the same sound repeatedly in a sentence. This is often at the start of a word, but it can also be at the start of a stressed syllable in a word. You may have seen alliteration used in poetry, particularly in tongue twisters. For example, the nursery rhyme â€Å"Peter Piper† uses the letter â€Å"p† alliteratively: Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers. A peck of pickled peppers Peter Piper picked. If Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers, Wheres the peck of pickled peppers Peter Piper picked? This is a case of alliteration where the whole point is to be tricky to say! Why Use Alliteration in Poetry? Usually, poets use alliteration to create a mood in a poem or to give it rhythm. For example, take the first stanza of Edgar Allen Poe’s â€Å"The Raven†: Once upon a midnight dreary, while I pondered, weak and weary, Over many a quaint and curious volume of forgotten lore-   Ã‚  Ã‚   While I nodded, nearly napping, suddenly there came a tapping, As of some one gently rapping, rapping at my chamber door. â€Å"’Tis some visitor,† I muttered, â€Å"tapping at my chamber door-   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Only this and nothing more.† Here, we have multiple cases of alliteration that combine with the rhyme scheme to give the text a strong rhythm and emphasize certain words. Poe does the same throughout the poem. Sometimes, you can also use alliteration to evoke a mood or image. A good example of this is sibilance, which involves the repetition of soft â€Å"S† sounds: The snake slithered silently across the sand. Here, the repetition of â€Å"S† sounds like the hiss of a snake. As such, the sound of the sentence reinforces the image it describes, like in onomatopoeia. Other Uses of Alliteration Many people use alliteration to make language memorable, including in: Company and brand names (e.g., Coca Cola, Dunkin’ Donuts) Slogans (e.g., Jaguar’s â€Å"Don’t dream it. Drive it.†) Titles of books, movies, etc. (e.g., Black Beauty, Doctor Doolittle) Character names (e.g., Mickey Mouse, Peter Parker) In all these cases, the repetition makes the phrase catchier and more striking. Assonance and Consonance Finally, we should look at two techniques related to alliteration: assonance and consonance. These both involve repetition of sounds, but they’re not quite the same as alliteration. Assonance is repetition of vowel sounds. For example, the repetition of â€Å"oo† in â€Å"Your spooky bassoon went boom as I fell through my stool.† Consonance is repetition of consonant sounds in any part of a word, not just at the start. For instance, â€Å"The vegan dog hugged the ugly frog† is consonance but not alliteration. This is because the repeated â€Å"G† occurs in different parts of the words, not just at the start of stressed syllables. You can use assonance and consonance to make writing more rhythmic or memorable. This is especially common in poetry, but, as with alliteration, it is also effective in other contexts.

Management of Occupational Health & Safety Essay

Management of Occupational Health & Safety - Essay Example The incident was caused by the night crew putting a condensate injection pump into service, that earlier in the day had been taken out of service for maintenance. Additionally, the magnitude of the disaster was multiplied since a pressure safety valve had been removed for recertification. Such non-routine work increases risk of a catastrophic accident taking place (AICE, 2007: 287). Primarily, operator errors should have been prevented. Written, standardized procedures and permits applying to the entire facility or to the equipment, are a practical necessity for effectively and consistently controlling non-routine work related to high-risk activities. This includes two-way communication through checklists or permits to authorize the work, which highlight particular hazards that might be encountered and specify appropriate safeguards. Permits for non-routine work should be issued and reviewed by a trained person. Additionally, a preventive system of maintenance department locks should be in place (AICE, 2007: 293-295, 298). Further, the offshore installation manager (OIM) at the Piper Alpha was untrained to cope with the emergency. He did not communicate or take crucial decisions to cut off oil production, block supply of gas to the pipelines from the neighbouring facility, call for helicopters for rescue work, delegate authority or alleviate stress in the men (Flin et al, 1996: 262). Engineering design of the different components in the facility was faulty, such as interdependent couplings and linkages among the components of the facility, and with neighbouring installations. Hence, there was no provision for automatic shutdown of production, or for alarm, public address, and other critical systems. The mutual proximity of control room, radio room, electric generators, diesel room, with production modules caused a chain action of component failures due to fire propagation and explosions. The design of fire protection such as

History of Management Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

History of Management - Coursework Example Some of the known theorists whose theory’s themes are still in use now are Fredrick Taylor, Henri Fayol and Max Weber. They developed scientific management theory, modern operational-management theory and bureaucratic theory respectively. Managers use the ideas in the theories to run their duties and perform the organizations' activities to achieve their objectives. For example, many managers use the ideas to coordinate their workers, organize their plans, administer worker’s payments and employ skilled workers to achieve the company objectives. Frederick Taylor developed the scientific management theory in the 1880s and 1890s in the manufacturing industries. Scientific management is a management theory that synthesis and analyzes workflows. Its major objective is improving the efficiency of economics, mostly the labour productivity. It among the earliest attempts to use science in management and engineering processes. It needs a high-level managerial control of employe e practices on their work and entails a high managerial workers ratio to labourers than the prior management periods (Frederick, 2007). The theory evolved in an era when automation and mechanization were infancies. The methods and ideas of the theory extended to the American manufacturing system in the craft transformation in automation and mechanization. Therefore, the over labour-displacing technologies concerns rose with the increase of automation and mechanization (Frederick, 2007). Hence, the theory influences some of the management strategies in today’s industries. The theory guide on the worker’s payment. Fredrick studied that some employees were more talented compared to others, and the smart ones were mostly unmotivated. He also observed that many employees that got forced to work repetitive jobs tend to work at a slower rate that is unpunished.

The troubled history of the Airbus A380 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 3

The troubled history of the Airbus A380 - Essay Example In addition, Soft Systems Methodology allows to identify analyze multiple levels of the problem with purpose of finding the most effective solutions that take into account relationships and dependencies that might not be clearly seen using the Hard Systems Methodology. The analysis and evaluation have shown that the role of systems and operations management is underestimated by Airbus management in the process of managing separate projects and overall business operations. In addition, effective systems and operations management strategies have not been integrated within the company well enough due to lack of organization, strong leadership and communication, among other factors. Business process reengineering, total quality management, Lean and Six Sigma approaches to improvement have been analyzed with the purpose of determining the most effective for Airbus to use. The analysis has shown that business process reengineering would be the most appropriate for Airbus approach because i t implies implementing radical changes within rather narrow time frames. Rapid changes, in their turn, show to be the most effective in attempts to radically improve organizational performance. It is recommended that Airbus uses business process reengineering approach for improving its systems and operations management. Furthermore, decision making and supporting systems, such as transaction processing systems, management information systems and decision support systems should be incorporated into organizational operations in order to align information systems and operations management of the company. Introduction Airbus is, as the company writes about itself, a technology-oriented organization that created its first jet in 1974 (Airbus.com, 2011). In 1991 the company started working an idea of creating a super-large passenger aircraft. The jet would become the largest airplane ever made. Consequently, the work on its creation was sure to be complex and demanding. However, it took t he company 14 years, since 1993 when Airbus started working of the development of the ‘super jumbo’, for the new aircraft to take off in full service in 2007 (Slack, Chambers and Johnstone, 2010). As Slack, Chambers and Johnstone (2010) report, it took the company so many years to, finally, complete the project, because of a number of problems within the organization. Most of them, such as weak organization of production processes, poor leadership or use of incompatible software by different departments, are related to of systems and operations management practices of Airbus. Therefore, the goal of the given report is to determine and analyze how systems and operations management concepts are used by the company and how systems and operations management is integrated into the business. Soft Systems Methodology will be used for analyzing the situation and making recommendations about how the Airbus information systems and operations management should be updated to suppor t and improve their business efficiency. Furthermore, people, technology and organisational issues involved in improving the operations at Airbus will be assessed and analyzed in order to clarify how in particular Airbus can improve its business processes through the update and improvement

Internet Threats and Security for Protection

Internet Threats and Security for Protection Introduction Technology is still under development in Saudi Arabia and has not reached the advance level as its reached in UK and USA. Therefore Internet Security is still a main as well as a major issues to most businesses and organisations in Saudi Arabia. Media hype surrounding the topic of Internet security can scare the general public, as the novice users. The continual talk of the latest virus alerts, which have corrupted thousands and stories of teenagers hacking into networks and stealing numerous informations such as personal details, credit card details other details which relates to different institution, is enough to put anyone off the idea using their personal details over the Net. All this media hype needs to be addressed to see if it is just that, or is there a ground for all this sensationalism. The chances to actually undergo extensive research and establish leads and ideas that I have not come across before about Internet Security, it is a major challenge for me and I feel that by conducting this research it will broaden my knowledge about Internet Security and also make people understand the aspects of Internet Security which they havent come across before. Abstract This dissertation looks at the question: ‘Is The Internet Secure?. Where secure is defined as ‘secure enough to trade or pass information via the Internet. With the constant media hype of Internet Security, it felt that this title to be one of interest and appealed. Therefore, research include, determining what types of organisations are present on the net, and categorising them into several groups. Studying past literature to determine all possible threats on the Internet and then to discuss possible solutions to these threats. As society is in the information revolution, in which the Internet is the main channel for distribution, this area of research is related to each and every one of us. Internet trading is a common practice amongst the new age. However, this is a subject that needs to be addressed to see whether all this ‘Media Hype is just that, or is their just grounds for concern. With the number of users on the Internet growing daily, and businesses becoming completely dependant on technology, serious issues of vulnerability need to be looked at. To ensure that no gaps appear in the security aspects of Internet, which will in turn trap the new users. Conclusions where made by in viewed and researched based companies. This research aims to provide the reader with a deeper understanding of Internet Security. The Internet is a medium that will be a part of future generations, and it is paramount that it is managed correctly and to ensure it does not have devastating consequences for those involved in its operation. The research carried out draws the conclusion, that the Internet is not a secure for trading, and that a regulatory body is required or a more structured policing. Therefore more actions from organisations are needed as well as from the government. Future research can concentrate on data recovery methods, application methods and interviewing in more depth and on a longer scale. Acknowledgement Chapter Outline Chapter1: The introductory of this chapter starts with the definition of I.T security. It follows on with what the aims and objectives are and the methodology followed during the fact finding exercise. The chapter outlines the scope and the limitations of the project. Chapter 2: This chapter describes how the internet was formed and how it has developed. Finally it highlights the key developments of the internet throughout its early life cycle, and the growth of its user base. Chapter 3: Defines the types of businesses that trade on the net categorising them into several divisions, which are further explained in the appendix. This chapter also talks about on-line banking and how to purchase over the Internet. Chapter 4: Starts by discussing the potential threats of viruses, how they work and how they spread. It also discusses what different authors believe to be the main threats of the Internet. It also talks about all the potential threats and briefly defines each one. Chapter 5: Discusses the potential answers to the security issues, broadly discussing all of the security applications available. The chapter introduces computer security as well as the different application. Chapter 6: The fact finding stage highlights the responses gained from the organisations, which were interviewed. The findings were incorporated into graphs to illustrate the answer. Chapter 7: To conclude this study, the author discusses what the project aims were, how the findings were achieved and why came to this conclusion. A SWOT analysis was also carried out to assist the conclusion. Appendix: Any information that did not fit in the thesis, which the author felt important, is included in the appendices. There are also other documents and information, which has been referenced in the dissertation in the appendices. I.T security as defined in this dissertation is the practices, procedures, applications and services which ensure a security breach or loss of use of a computer system does not occur. Security provides protection for IT system resources from human action. The security products, services and procedures used will aim to protect any hardware or data in the system. 1 Introduction Media hype surrounding the topic of Internet security can scare the general public, as the novice users. The continual talk of the latest virus alerts, which have corrupted thousands and stories of teenagers hacking into networks and stealing numerous informations such as personal details, credit card details other details which relates to different institution, is enough to put anyone off the idea using their personal details over the Net. All this media hype needs to be addressed to see if it is just that, or is there a ground for all this sensationalism. 1.1Human Action Human-inspired security breaches are defined as accidental or deliberate, passive or active attacks, which result in the loss or damage of I.T system hardware, software or data. This can come in many guises, as the following shows: Viruses where a program is placed on a system with the intention of corrupting its processing. The theft of data. Hacking deliberately gaining unauthorised access to a computer system. The invasion of privacy, through the unauthorised disclosure of data and breaches of data protection legislation. Sabotage interfering with the processing of a system, such as the placing of a ‘clone machine. 1.2The Key areas of I.T Security I.T security involves a number of key areas. The most important of these are introduced under the following headings. 1.2.1 E-Commerce E-Commerce (Electronic Commerce) enables measures to secure web merchants sites from external hacking and intrusion, with the aim to develop secure online transactions. E-Commerce requires the means to engage in electronic transactions without the fear that credit card details and bank details could get into the wrong hands. These involve, for example, the use of secure payment servers and secure software servers. 1.2.2 Network Security The aim of network security is to create a secure environment in which the users can send classified information and business applications solely to those people that they wish to receive them, preventing others from accessing the data. This is an issue of increasing concern, given the growing importance of networks to companies. This aspect of security tends to resolve around using network management and security software tools, and developing network security policies. 1.2.3 Virus Protection To prevent computer viruses from infecting I.T systems, companies use anti-virus software and alert systems. The requirements for information security as well as the type of products and services used to have undergone a major transformation since 1995. The need for security has widened, where traditionally it was confined mainly to governments, protecting classified data, financial institutions and protecting messages with monetary value, today most medium-sized to large organisations require information security. The growth of computer networks, group working and mobile working, and the subsequent need to communicate with contacts outside the organisation, has made I.T systems more open to external forces and more vulnerable to internal action. Today, security is demanded to handle communications through the internet, intranet, extranet and Virtual Private Networks (VPNs). All of these technologies use common, standardised networking protocols and such networks are exposed to greater security threats than before. In a modern computer network, employees share information with each other, and companies share information with their suppliers, partners and customers. This calls for a more sophisticated security system, which is more comprehensive and flexible than the products and services used in the past, and which can be deployed to a large number of users in a consistent, manageable and secure fashion. 1.3 Aims and Objectives Introduce and provide an overview of the development of the Internet. How it was started and how it works. Identify the diverse nature of businesses that trade on the Internet, their roles and their functions. Identify and disseminate the literature available on threats inherent in the use of the Internet including viruses and secure transmission of data. Identify and discuss the appropriate solutions for any potential threats for internet security. Evaluate and conclude the arguments, to discuss potential ways of enforcing a suitable security policy for web-based companies. 1.4 Methodology Information for this study was gathered from journals, books, Internet sources and certain company documentation pertaining to Internet security. The best form of methodology for this type of research would be to use Quantitative and Qualitative analysis as well as the use of secondary sources, as mentioned. Quantitative research was used to gain rich information, basically finding out the ‘experts opinions from the relevant areas of expertise, for the research. The qualitative research consisted of a questionnaire with open ended and some closed questions. The main aim of this questionnaire was to elaborate on the authors literature review, basically agreeing or disagreeing with the literature presented on this study. For the quantitative aspect of the research a short structured questionnaire was designed, this consisted of closed questions, which would give a statistical look to the fact-findings chapter. This questionnaire was distributed in Preston and Jeddah (Kingdom of Saudi Arabia). Closed question questionnaires were used to obtain the awareness of the issues presented, to gain views, beliefs and attitude to these. The questionnaires were designed to ensure easy reading, therefore overcoming any confusion on the respondents behalf. Questions were explained to ensure comple te reliability in their responses 1.5Limitations and scope of Dissertation As Internet Security is a very large topic, this author has limited his research to the following: Types of businesses on the web, categorising them in several areas. Discussing threats that past authors identified. Discussing possible solutions to these threats that past authors identified. Carrying out a first hand fact-finding excersing to either agree with the literature or disagree. Setting out the key differences. Summarising the thesis and presenting the findings. 2What is the Internet and how it started The revolution in computer networking has made it possible for personal computers able to communicate with each other. This chapter is about the Internet and basically a history of its beginning. It provides a comprehensive view of literature regarding factors that promote e-commerce and aid the new era of online banking. The scale of the Internet is awesome and therefore more and more people are connecting to the net. Statistics continues to grow on a daily basis at an alarming rate. People from all walks of life, not just the scientist, teachers and computer experts use the Internet. 2.1Origins of the Internet The Internet has its roots in a network set up by the United States Department of defence in the early 1970s (Ellsworth 1994). This network (ARPANET) was a collection of four computers. By 1996 the Internet was a collection of over 50,000 networks. The methods they slowly developed included a ‘Protocol (which is a computer language) allowing dissimilar computer systems to communicate, and a method that routed data through multiple communication paths using groups of data with their own destination addresses built in packets. Prior to this technology, even with machines that were compatible, the used had physically carry magnetic tapes and insert them into another machine in order to transfer data from one computer to another. With the new technology, a computer simply has to put its data into envelope called an Internet Protocol (IP) packet, and ‘address the packet correctly to send a message on the network. The philosophy was that every computer on the network could talk to any other computer. 2.2NSF Developments In the late 1980s the National Science Foundation (NSF), started expanding its own NSFNET using the technology developed by ARPANET.†(Krol 192). Five supercomputer centres at major universities were created, and connections were used for e-mail, and for transferring data and information between sites. This created a communications problem, they needed a way to connect their centres together and to allow the clients of these access. â€Å"In response, the NSF built its own network based on ARPANET Internet Protocol (IP) technology. â€Å"(Eraase 1994) it connected these centres with telephone lines. Since the telephone lines were paid for the mile, it was obvious that each university could not be connected to a supercomputing centre, due to financial constraints. They instead created regional chains of networks, with each university being connected to its neighbours, at the top of this chain there was a connection to the super computer. Eventually any computer was able to communicate with any other computer by forwarding the conversation through its neighbours. 2.3Internet Created The NSF agreed to commercial exploitation and on-line service sprang up. â€Å"CompuServe, the first of these, started in 1970 and fifteen years later claimed 3.2 million users in 20 countries. It was part owned by commercial relationships with the German group Bertelsmann and the French group Hachette† (Winston 1998). Prodigy belonged to IBM and Sears claimed 1.4 million users. His ‘World Wide Web was open for business in 1992. Meanwhile a commercial Internet Exchange had been established in 1991. Large multinational corporations have been on the Internet for years, although their access has been limited to research and engineering departments. In 1992, many of the restrictions on commercial use began to change. In fact, there are already more commercial sites on the Internet than educational and research sites combined, according to statistic, commercial addresses now comprise of 51% of the network domains. The Internet is made up of over 25,000 networks that can transfer data via many routes. However, it is near enough impossible to pin down any exact numbers concerning its size due to the fact its growth is unparalleled by any other industry. Ghosh 1998 states that the Internet has been adopted faster than any other technological development. 2.4The use of the Internet Between 1993 and 1998, more than 100 million users of the Internet were estimated, and the number of sites of the WWW has grown from 130 to 4.3 million sites. As of June 1999, the Internet users population has been placed at around 170 million people. It has been forecasted that the number users will reach 350 million by 2005 worldwide. In simple terms, the Internet allows millions of people all over the world to communicate and to share. â€Å"The Internet is the first global forum and the first global library† (Hahn and Stout 1994). Commercial businesses are the fastest growing segment of the Internet, you can gather information communicate and actually transact business on the Internet. Here are a few reasons why businesses are using the internet: E-mail is a low cost method for maintaining communication at all levels. Messages can be exchanged in minutes. E-mail is a domain for sharing information and is said to be one of the most important productivity packages around. The Internet allows businesses to be in touch with different branches and work teams at other locations. This creating a virtual community in which people are able to communicate on a daily basis. Using the Internet many organisations are able to bring a global edge to home grown businesses. For many companies, the use of the Internet creates a level playing field; smaller businesses can create an image on the network to compete with larger businesses. â€Å"Many corporations use the Internet to keep a check on the rate of emerging and new technologies, and the market response to these technologies† (Ellsworth 1994). The public information and discussion groups available on the Internet provide insight and feedback that is hard to get in any other manner. Here people from all levels of industry, exchange information on marketing research and technological developments. Having the most up-to-date information about your markets and your products allows you to keep or increase your competitive edge. In a business where the concept of getting closer to the customer prime, the internet is becoming increasingly important as well. Internet sales, where customers are sought and served on-line through Gophers and variety of virtual storefronts, are also becoming more popular. Customers can be and are sought before the sale and supported after sale. Companies are able to do actual product sales transactions on the Internet. In addition, in some cases it is possible to deliver the product via the Internet, as with software and information. Many companies have been using the Internet for the transmission of data. The major financial institutions in the world use the Internet extensively for exchanging information and files. Corporate users are now responsible for the transfer of the largest portion of data. 2.5The World Wide Web â€Å"The WWW is the newest information resources to the Internet† (Krol 1992). It is based on technology called Hypertext Mark-up Language (HTML). Hypertext is a method of presenting information where selected words in the text can be expanded at any time to provide other information about the word. These words are actually links to other documents, which may be text, picture or sound format. The presentation of information on the web is much friendlier that traditional methods and the interface provides for a user -friendly environment. â€Å"The combined with the ability to use any of the Internets tools within the web has been a catalyst for the rush to get on the Internet† (Ellsworth 1994). The WWW can be defined as a global, interactive, dynamic, cross platform, distributed, graphical, hypertext information system that runs over the Internet and is available globally (Lemay 2000 Online). In the early 1990s the advent of the World Wide Web on the Internet represented the tuning point for electronic ecommerce by providing an easy to use technology solution to the problem of information publishing and dissemination. The web made electronic commerce a cheaper way of conducting business and enable more diverse business activities. The WWW infrastructure is built around the following:- Web sites: A web site is a collection of web pages maintained by a college, university, government, agency, company or individual. Web age: A web page is document on the web. Web pages can include text, pictures, sound and videos. Web server: A web server is a computer connected to the Internet that makes web pages available to the world. The Wold Wide Web is a dynamic structure, and due to the popularity of this new phenomenon it is expanding rapidly. The reason for it being so popular is the fact that information can be made available to anyone anywhere in the world in a matter of minutes (Kalakota, Whinston. 1997 p.145). What types of businesses are trading on the web Business is changing. The way we do business is changing. The electronic commerce revolution is upon us, and perhaps represents the greatest single change to the way in which business operates. Companies of all sizes are now working together to establish their position and create opportunities in this world. The Internet phenomenon has result in a major shift in the way organisations do business, and how they intend to proceed in the future. Many organisations now realise that without an e-commerce strategy they will not survive. This realisation has affected, and will continue to affect business relationship of all sizes. E-Commerce E-Commerce (Electronic Commerce) is the buying and selling of goods and services on the Internet, especially the World Wide Web. In practice, this term and a newer term, e-business are often used interchangeably. For online retail selling, the term e tailing is sometimes used. E-Commerce can be divided into: E-tailing or â€Å"Virtual Storefronts† on web sites with online catalogues, sometimes gathered into a â€Å"Virtual mall†. The gathering and use of demographic data through web contacts. Electronic Data Interchange (EDI), the business to -business exchange of data. E-mail and fax and their use as media for reaching prospects and establish customers (for example, with newsletters). Business-to-Business buying and selling. The security of business transactions. Electronic messaging technologies streamline business processes by reducing paperwork and increasing automation. (Kalakota, Whinston. 1997 p.54). E-Commerce today, is a very wide area of study due to its phenomenon growth and thus, can be described as an umbrella concept, which will continue to grow. Therefore incorporating a variety of disciplines and can be described as following path of a hierarchical structure. Recent technology has increased the capacity of e-commerce transactions, resulting in noticeable paradigms in a number of daily transactions. There are unforeseen benefits not only to businesses, but also consumers, the government and even on a global trade level. The technology that is responsible for taking e-commerce to a global stage is the Internet. There are also other factors that have affected the growth of e-commerce, for example, the availability of hardware at affordable costs, as well as the increased power and ease of use of operating systems and software. With the prices of computer hardware and network equipment falling, e-commerce is seen as one of the strategic investments in line with marketing goals of most business, to stay competitive, improve productivity and to deliver quality services. Commonly, e-commerce is associated with the buying a selling of information, products and services via computer networks. It is also known as the paperless exchange of electronic information, whether it is by electronic data interchange (EDI), electronic funds transfer or other similar technologies methods. Overview of E-Commerce E-Commerce, evolved as early as the days of Alexandra Bell, followed by the launch of terrestrial television and radio communications. However recent developments in technology have increased the efficiency in commerce and have placed e-commerce under the spotlight. During the mid 20th century, the channels through e-commerce took place were telephone networks, the television and the radio. In their infancy they impressed businesses and consumers, so did EDI in the early 1970s and now at present the Internet has bought back the same feelings. Below is an illustration of a generic framework for electronic commerce (Kalakota, Whinston.1997) The figure 1 below is an illustration of the e-commerce overview. Electronic Commerce B2A B2C C2A B2B The Internet Telephone Fax The Internet Telephone Fax Cable Satellite, and Digital TV Telephone Fax The Internet including EDI, marketing, purchasing and e-mail Collaborative Work Groups EDI via Internet Telecomm uniting Electronic Funds Transfer E-Mail Video Conferencing Telephone Fax Figure 1 Types of E-commerce E-commerce covers five main categories that are listed below: Business to Business (B2B) Business within Business (BWB) Business to Administration (B2A) Consumer to Administration (C2A) Business to Consumer (B2C) These are discussed in detail in Appendix 3 titled Types of Web Traders. The introduction of e-commerce has facilitated consumer to business transactions, customers learn about products through electronic purchasing. From a consumer perspective electronic commerce facilitates for the following: Social Interaction. Electronic Commerce enables consumers to communicate with each other through electronic mail, video conferencing and news groups. Personal Finance Agreement. Use electronic means to manage personal finance and management using the online banking tools Purchasing Products and Information. Allows consumer to find online information about exiting and new products and services. (Kalakota, Whinston. 1997 p.139) The explosion in Internet traffic has created other problems. Mostly worryingly, there are continuing fears that many companies offering financial services online are not providing a secure environment to clients and customers. Purchasing on the Web The Internet and the World Wide Web have dramatically changed the way consumers seek and use information online. Whether they are shopping for Information or shopping for goods and services on-line, todays consumers must learn how to manage the resources (Kelley, B Weibke, J. 2003). Most attention on e-commerce has focused on business-to-business transactions and analysts say the surging electronic business-to-business market is about to explode. On-line purchasing systems promise to streamline operations, save time and cut the costs of businesses drowning in order processing. Most buying over the Internet focuses on indirect materials, also known as non-production goods or maintenance, repair and operations. Typically, such applications let any employee order through managed access rights, non-production supplies and service from an on-line catalogue using on a web server. They simplify the process of buying day-to-day items such as office equipments, PCs and other electrical goods to run the company. According to a recent study carried out by Forrester Research (2000) has suggested that the on-line commerce will raise form  £657 billion in 2002 and reach the figure of  £6.8 trillion in 2004. The statistics suggested that more customers are shopping day by day and revenue is increasing for on-line shoppers. The view is supported by Swazey (1999) who believes that the on-line shoppers spend more time on-line shopping than normal high streets shoppers and the amount of money spent rises with the amount of time spent on-line. The view point of Swazey (1999) is similar to Ghosh (1998) as he states that the â€Å"On-line shoppers tend to get carried away within the comfort of their own h ome†. However the above viewpoint have contrast in bearing to an article (Computer Fraud Security, Sept 2000, p.2) that seemed to suggest that although it may seems like everyone is on-line, but its not true. Internet Banking Internet Banking is no longer a novelty. Banks have long ceased being worried about trading via the web, and instead have embraced the newest delivery channel with enthusiasm. All clearing banks, including the connected building societies, now offer Internet based banking services and all will have an online current account in place. Some, including Barclays, Woolwich, Abbey National and HSBC have developed other channels of delivery including digital TV and mobile phone banking service. All e-banks promise busy current account users speed and convenience. There are no counter queues in cyberspace and e-banks are open 24 hours a day, seven days a week. On-line banking customers can check their balances, view recent transactions, transfers funds, set-up standing orders and direct debits and also option to pay bills on line. In the past, the banking industry was chiefly concerned with asset quality and capitalisation, if the bank was performing well along these dimensions than the banks would be profitable. Today performing well on asset quality and capitalisation is not enough. (Kalakota, Whinston.1997 p.30) The Internet is a medium that provides a new dimension and introduces much opportunity especially for banks; the main advantages are outlined as follows: Enable innovation Cost savings Increased customer base Enable mass customisation Marketing and communication Developments of non core business In a report issued by the BE Agency (2000), it states that the experts believe that the slump in high street banking due to deregulation can be revived by this new medium e-commerce, offering the potential of reviving or at least halting the decline, by raising customer service standards, increasing the choice of retail financial products, reducing the charges and giving customers a more convenient way to manage their money. It is agreed with Patterson (2000) that the banks will have to go online, his reasons being as to why banks have to adopt this new medium is â€Å"in short answer to win over new customers† it is easier to leave it at that, but also the factors he has also said that it will also promote this new medium are lower cost of account servicing, cross selling opportunities, customer relations and because they have to. Customers can now deal with their accounts personally at any time from anywhere in the word for any reason. Customers can also have the same facility to compare and contrast the products and services of a multitude of banks and choose one that meets their requirements. Knowing how safe is it to use the website an